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堪培拉是澳大利亚的首都，一个年轻的城市。总面积2395平方公里，50%以上的面积为国家公园或保留地，在首都直辖区东北部。东北距悉尼240公里，西南距墨尔本500公里，人口30万。城市位于澳大利亚山脉区的开阔谷地上。海拔760米。莫朗格洛河横贯市区，西流入马兰比吉河。原为牧羊地，1913年按规划始建，1927年联邦从墨尔本迁此。全国中心。银行、饭店和公共服务业为主要经济部门。有铁路连接各大城市。有国立堪培拉大学和国立图书馆。市区西南有宇宙航行跟踪站。旅游业甚盛。气候温和，四季分明，全年降雨量平均，四季都有阳光普照的日子。堪培拉的城市设计十分新颖，环形及放射状道路将行政、商业、住宅区有机地分开。城市中心的格里芬湖喷泉，即为纪念库克船长上岸200周年而建的“库克船长纪念喷泉”（CAPTAIN COOK MEMORIAL JET）水柱高达 140 米，极为壮观。全城树木苍翠，鲜花四季，每年九月，堪培拉都举办花节，以数十万株花迎接春天的到来，被誉为 " 大洋洲的花园城市 " 。
附图是堪培拉的地标澳大利亚国会（Canberra Parliament House），1988年五月九日英女王伊丽莎白二世亲自为它主持揭幕启用仪式。这个建筑以及周边建设总耗资11亿澳元，是澳大利亚历史上建造费最昂贵的建筑物。
城市历史
堪培拉是个年轻的城市，早在100多年前，这里还是澳大利亚阿尔卑斯山麓的一片不毛之地，1820年被人发现，此后有移民来建牧场，到1840年发展成一个小镇。1901年，澳大利亚联邦成立以后，为定都问题，悉尼和墨尔本两大城市争执不下，一直争了八九年，直到1911年，联邦通过决议，在两个城市之间，选一个风调雨顺、有山有水的地方建立新首都，于是选了这块距悉尼238公里，距墨尔本507公里的空地。这就是堪培拉的雏形。
1912年，联邦主持了一次世界范围内的城市设计比赛，一年之后，国会从送来的137个版本中，选中了美国著名风景设计师、36岁的芝加哥人沃尔特·伯里·格里芬（Walter Burley Griffin）的方案。这位设计师描绘的堪培拉街道图是他和他的妻子（也是一位建筑师）共同画在一块棉布上的，这份珍贵的原作至今仍保留在澳大利亚国家档案馆。建设中间，经过了因第一次世界大战的停顿，共用了14年，于1927年建成，并迁都于此。后来，又为确定新首都的名字商讨了好长时间，最终选择了当地居民的传统名称--堪培拉，意思是"汇合之地"，民众又叫做"聚会的地方"。
Canberra is a picturesque（风景如画的）20th-century concoction on the banks of Lake Burley Griffin（贝里哥里芬湖）that has struggled to establish itself as the focus of Australia's national identity. It has often been perceived as a 'fat cat'（有权有势的）town of politicians and bureaucrats living off the rest of the country.
english9>However, you'll only have to step outside the Parliamentary Triangle to realise that there's more to Canberra than machinations（密谋）and money. One of only two artificially-conceived cities in the world, Canberra is eerily symmetrical, surprisingly workable and endlessly intriguing.
english9>Autumn in Canberra is quite simply gorgeous. The days are sunny and crisp, the trees are changing and everything looks lovely. Winter is really cold. Spring is much wetter and windier, though the very popular Floriade festival（花卉节）brightens things up.
english9>Canberra was first settled by Europeans in 1824, when Joshua Moore bought the first land grant（赠予地）in the area, at the foot of Black Mountain. By 1845 a town had grown up in the shadow of the mountain, with the newly built St John's Church and the nearby school at its centre.
english9>The establishing of a national capital and surrounding Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was one of the tenets（原则）of the constitution created when the colonies were federated into Australian states in 1901. The site was selected in 1908 - diplomatically situated between arch rivals（主要竞争对手）Sydney and Melbourne. Canberra was named in 1913, from an Aboriginal term believed to mean 'meeting place', and an international competition to design the city was won by the American architect Walter Burley Griffin. Development of the site was slow and although parliament was first convened in the capital in 1927, it was not until after the World War Two that the dream of a national capital began to reach fruition（实现）.
english9>In 1957 the Menzies（孟席斯，罗伯特·戈登，1894-1978澳大利亚家，曾两度任职总理）Government created the National Capital Development Commission, to establish Canberra as the seat of government and generally spruce（打扮、装饰）the place up a bit. Over the next 20 years it was full steam ahead - bridges were built over a hypothetical lake, then a year later the lake followed; the Mint, the National Library, the Botanic Gardens and the Carillon sprang up; the civic centre was packed full of offices, shops and theatres. Throughout the 60s the public service became Canberra's major industry, with departments shifting to the capital from all over the country, bringing with them hordes of happy families in search of a quarter-acre block to call their own. In line with its reputation as a planned city, Canberra's growth was less than organic - rather than filling in the city centre and letting suburbs sprawl around it, the NCDC oversaw the setting up of 'satellite towns' to the north and south. Woden, to the south, was set up first, then Belconnen to the north. In the 70s they were followed by Tuggeranong, and in the 80s Gunghalin.
english9>Since Federation the ACT had been under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, with no local government of its own. In a 1978 referendum（公民投票）Canberrans had voted no to self-government, but despite this in 1988 the Federal Government passed four bills to make the Territory self-governing and in 1989 the first Legislative Assembly was elected....
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