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春节的来历和习俗(英文版）

春节是中国最富有特色的传统节日。它标志农历旧的一年结束。
新的一年已经开始。人们将告别寒冷单调的冬季，迎接生机盎然的春天。
春节原名“元旦”，隋代杜台卿在《五烛宝典》中说：“正月为端月，其一日为元日，亦云正朝，亦云元朔。”“元”的本意为“头”，后引申为“开始”，因为这一天是一年的头一天，春季的头一天，正月的头一天，所以称为“三元”；因为这一天还是岁之朝，月之朝，日之朝，所以又称“三朝”；又因为它是第一个朔日，所以又称“元朔”。宋吴自牧在《梦梁录》中解释：“正月朔日，谓之元旦”。《说文解字》中对“旦”字的解释为“从日见一上，一，地也。”表示太阳刚刚从地平线上升起，就是早晨的意思。因为它分别表示一年的第一个早晨，正月的第一个早晨，所以称“元旦”和“正旦”。
除上述称谓外，春节还称“开年”、“开岁”、“芳岁”、“华岁”等，在诸多称谓中以称“元旦”最普遍，时间最长久。
因各朝代历法不同，元旦所在的季节也不同。中国古代的历法是阴阳合历，需同时考虑到太阳和月亮的位置，故确定元旦时，需首先确定它在某个季节，然后再选定与这个季节相近的朔月作为元旦。由于一岁与12个阴历并行不相等，相差约11天，故每隔3年需设置一个闰月来调整季节。中国上古的天文学家曾想出一个简便的方法来判断月序与季节的关系，这就是以傍晚时斗柄的指向定月序，称之为十二月建。从北方起向东转，将地面划分为12个方位，傍晚时斗柄所指的方位，就是该月的月建，其子月、丑月、寅月分别相当于十一、十二、正月。
中国是个古老的多民族国家。不同的历史时期的不同的民族都曾经根据自己的文化传统和风俗习惯确定过自己的元旦，即改为“正朔”，改正月初一的时间。颛顼帝和夏代都以孟春正月为元，即使用建寅的夏历，以农历正月初一为元旦；商代使用殷历，殷历建丑，以农历十二月初一为元旦；周代使用周历，周历建成子，以农历十一月初一为元旦；秦代使用秦历，秦历建亥，以农历初一为元旦；西汉前期仍然使用秦历，汉武帝太初元年（公元104年）改用司马迁、洛下闳创制的太初历，又重新使用建寅的夏历，以农历正月初一为元旦。以后除王莽和魏明帝一度改用建丑的殷历，唐武后和肃宗时改用建子的周历外，各朝代均使用夏历至清朝末年。
“春节”这一词，在不同的历史时期，还有不同的特指。汉朝时，人们把二十四节气的第一个立春称“春节”。南北朝时，人们把整个春季叫“春节”。
辛亥革命胜利后，南京临时为了“顺农时”和“便于统计”，规定在民间使用夏历，在机关、厂矿、学校和团体中实行公历，以公历的元月一日为元旦。但一般人称公历元月一日为“阳历年”，仍把农历正月一日初一称“元旦”。
1949年9月27日，中国人民协商会议第一届全体会议通过使用世界上通用的公历纪元，把公历即阳历的元月一日定为元旦，为新年；因为农历正月初一通常都在立春前后，因而把农历正月初一定为“春节”。
春节一般指除夕和正月初一。但在民间，传统意义上的春节是指从腊月初八的腊祭或腊月二十三的祭灶，一直到正月十五，其中以除夕和正月初一为高潮。
在春节这一传统节日期间，我国的汉族和大多数少数民族都有要举行各种活动以示庆祝。这些活动均以祭祀神佛、祭奠祖先、除旧布新、迎禧接福、祈求丰年为主要内容。活动丰富多彩，带有浓郁的民族特色。
春节和年的概念，最初的含意来自农业，古时人们把谷的生长周期称为“年”，《说文。禾部》：“年，谷熟也：。在夏商时代产生了夏历，以月亮圆缺的周期为月，一年划分为十二个月，每月以不见月亮的那天为朔，正月朔日的子时称为岁首，即一年的开始，也叫年，年的名称是从周朝开始的，至了西汉才正式固定下来，一直延续到今天。但古时的正月初一被称为“元旦”，直到中国近代辛亥革命胜利后，南京临时为了顺应农时和便于统计，规定在民间使用夏历，在机关、厂矿、学校和团体中实行公历，以公历的元月一日为元旦，农历的正月初一称春节。
1949年9月27日，新中国成立，在中国人民协商会议第一届全体会议上，通过了使用世界上通用的公历纪元，把公历的元月一日定为元旦，俗称阳历年；农历正月初一通常都在立春前后，因而把农历正月初一定为“春节”，俗称阴历年。
传统意义上的春节是指从腊月初八的腊祭或腊月二十三的祭灶，一直到正月十五，其中以除夕和正月初一为高潮。在春节这一传统节日期间，我国的汉族和大多数少数民族都有要举行各种庆祝活动，这些活动大多以祭祀神佛、祭奠祖先、除旧布新、迎禧接福、祈求丰年为主要内容。活动形式丰富多彩，带有浓郁的民族特色。
春节传说之一：熬年守岁
守岁，就是在旧年的最后一天夜里不睡觉，熬夜迎接新一年的到来的习俗，也叫除夕守岁，俗名“熬年”。探究这个习俗的来历，在民间流传着一个有趣的故事：
太古时期，有一种凶猛的怪兽，散居在深山密林中，人们管它们叫“年”。它的形貌狰狞，生性凶残，专食飞禽走兽、鳞介虫豸，一天换一种口味，从磕头虫一直吃到大活人，让人谈“年”色变。后来，人们慢慢掌握了“年”的活动规律，它是每隔三百六十五天窜到人群聚居的地方尝一次口鲜，而且出没的时间都是在天黑以后，等到鸡鸣破晓，它们便返回山林中去了。
算准了“年”肆虐的日期，百姓们便把这可怕的一夜视为关口来煞，称作“年关”，并且想出了一整套过年关的办法：每到这一天晚上，每家每户都提前做好晚饭，熄火净灶，再把鸡圈牛栏全部拴牢，把宅院的前后门都封住，躲在屋里吃“年夜饭”，由于这顿晚餐具有凶吉未卜的意味，所以置办得很丰盛，除了要全家老小围在一起用餐表示和睦团圆外，还须在吃饭前先供祭祖先，祈求祖先的神灵保佑，平安地度过这一夜，吃过晚饭后，谁都不敢睡觉，挤坐在一起闲聊壮胆。就逐渐形成了除夕熬年守岁的习惯。
守岁习俗兴起于南北朝，梁朝的不少文人都有守岁的诗文。“一夜连双岁，五更分二年。”人们点起蜡烛或油灯，通宵守夜，象征着把一切邪瘟病疫照跑驱走，期待着新的一年吉祥如意。这种风俗被人们流传至今。
春节传说之二：万年创建历法说
相传，在古时候，有个名叫万年的青年，看到当时节令很乱，就有了想把节令定准的打算。但是苦于找不到计算时间的方法，一天，他上山砍柴累了，坐在树阴下休息，树影的移动启发了他，他设计了一个测日影计天时的晷仪，测定一天的时间，后来，山崖上的滴泉启发了他的灵感，他又动手做了一个五层漏壶，来计算时间。天长日久，他发现每隔三百六十多天，四季就轮回一次，天时的长短就重复一遍。
当时的国君叫祖乙，也常为天气风云的不测感到苦恼。万年知道后，就带着日晷和漏壶去见皇上，对祖乙讲清了日月运行的道理。祖乙听后龙颜大悦，感到有道理。于是把万年留下，在天坛前修建日月阁，筑起日晷台和漏壶亭。并希望能测准日月规律，推算出准确的晨夕时间，创建历法，为天下的黎民百姓造福。
有一次，祖乙去了解万年测试历法的进展情况。当他登上日月坛时，看见天坛边的石壁上刻着一首诗：
日出日落三百六，周而复始从头来。
草木枯荣分四时，一岁月有十二圆。
知道万年创建历法已成，亲自登上日月阁看望万年。万年指着天象，对祖乙说：“现在正是十二个月满，旧岁已完，新春复始，祈请国君定个节吧”。祖乙说：“春为岁首，就叫春节吧”。据说这就是春节的来历。
冬去春来，年复一年，万年经过长期观察，精心推算，制定出了准确的太阳历，当他把太阳历呈奉给继任的国君时，已是满面银须。国君深为感动，为纪念万年的功绩，便将太阳历命名为“万年历”，封万年为日月寿星。以后，人们在过年时挂上寿星图，据说就是为了纪念德高望重的万年。
春节传说之三：贴春联和门神
据说贴春联的习俗，大约始于一千多年前的后蜀时期，这是有史为证的。此外根据《玉烛宝典》，《燕京岁时记》等著作记载，春联的原始形式就是人们所说的“桃符”。
在中国古代神话中，相传有一个鬼域的世界，当中有座山，山上有一棵覆盖三千里的大桃树，树梢上有一只金鸡。每当清晨金鸡长鸣的时候，夜晚出去游荡的鬼魂必赶回鬼域。鬼域的大门坐落在桃树的东北，门边站着两个神人，名叫神荼、郁垒。如果鬼魂在夜间干了伤天害理的事情，神荼、郁垒就会立即发现并将它捉住，用芒苇做的绳子把它捆起来，送去喂虎。因而天下的鬼都畏惧神荼、郁垒。于是民间就用桃木刻成他们的模样，放在自家门口，以避邪防害。后来，人们干脆在桃木板上刻上神荼、郁垒的名字，认为这样做同样可以镇邪去恶。这种桃木板后来就被叫做“桃符”。
到了宋代，人们便开始在桃木板上写对联，一则不失桃木镇邪的意义，二则表达自己美好心愿，三则装饰门户，以求美观。又在象征喜气吉祥的红纸上写对联，新春之际贴在门窗两边，用以表达人们祈求来年福运的美好心愿。
为了祈求一家的福寿康宁，一些地方的人们还保留着贴门神的习惯。据说，大门上贴上两位门神，一切妖魔鬼怪都会望而生畏。在民间，门神是正气和武力的象征，古人认为，相貌出奇的人往往具有神奇的禀性和不凡的本领。他们心地正直善良，捉鬼擒魔是他们的天性和责任，人们所仰慕的捉鬼天师钟馗，即是此种奇形怪相。所以民间的门神永远都怒目圆睁，相貌狰狞，手里拿着各种传统的武器，随时准备同敢于上门来的鬼魅战斗。由于我国民居的大门，通常都是两扇对开，所以门神总是成双成对。
唐朝以后，除了以往的神荼、郁垒二将以外，人们又把秦叔宝和尉迟恭两位唐代武将当作门神。相传，唐太宗生病，听见门外鬼魅呼号，彻夜不得安宁。于是他让这两位将军手持武器立于门旁镇守，第二天夜里就再也没有鬼魅搔扰了。其后，唐太宗让人把这两位将军的形象画下来贴在门上，这一习俗开始在民间广为流传。
春节拜年的由来
大年初一，人人都早早起来，打扮得整整齐齐，出门走亲访友，相互拜年，恭祝来年大吉大利。
关于拜年习俗的由来，传说远古时代有一种怪兽，头顶长独角，口似血盆，人们叫它做“年”。每逢腊月三十晚上,它便窜出山林，掠食噬人。人们只好备些肉食放在门外，然后把大门关上,躲在家里，直到初一早晨,“年”饱餐后扬长而去，人们才开门相见，作揖道喜，互相祝贺
The Chinese New Year is traditional festival that China is rich with most the special features.It symbolizes the lunar calendar for old year to end.
New year has already start.The people will take leave cold monotonous of winter, greet the organic full of life spring.
A" New Year's Day" of Chinese New Year, a 杜 set 卿 says in 《 five candle treasure 典s 》 :" In order to carry the month, January it is a dollar on first day, as well cloud just dynasty, as well a 朔 of cloud."" Dollar" of original meaning is" head", lead the 申 behind in order to" start", because is a year of first day this day, the first day of the spring, the first day of the January, so be called" three dollars";Because is still a year old this day toward, month toward, day toward, so call" three dynasties" again;Again it is the first day of 朔 , so call" a 朔 " again.Wu of Sung explains in 《 the dream beam record 》 from the herding:" The January 朔 day, the New Year's Day that call".《 Say the text solution word 》 medium to" 旦 " word of hermeneutic for" see from the day an up, a, ground also." Meant the sun to just rise from the horizon rising, is a matutinal meaning.Because it means a year of the first morning respectively, the first morning of the January, so call" New Year's Day" and" positive 旦 "s.
In addition to above-mentioned title, the Chinese New Year still call" open the year"," begin a new year"," year old of 芳 "," year old of 华 " etc., in many titles with call" New Year's Day" the most widespread, time is most long-last.
Because of the previous dynasties style dissimilarity, the season of the New Year's Day place is also different.The style of the Chinese ancient times is a yin and yang to match the 历 , need at the same time in consideration of the position of the sun and moon, past certain New Year's Day, need certain first it is in a certain season, then make selection with this season the close by month of 朔 is the New Year's Day.Because a years old proceeds toger with 12 lunar calendar not equal, differ about 11 days, so separate 3 years to need to establish an intercalary month each time to adjust the season.The astronomer of the Chinese ancient once figures out a simple mod to judge the preface of the month and the relation of the seasons, this is with the direction of the handle of 斗 of evening to settle the preface of month, calling it as that December set up.Rise to turn toward east from the north, divide the line ground as 12 directionses, the directions that the evening 斗 handle point, is the month that should be lunar to set up, it the son month, ugly month, month of 寅 do not be equal to 11,12, January.
China is an ancient and multiracial nation.The period and different races of different histories all have ever led own New Year's Day according to the own cultural tradition and the customs and habits assurance, then change for" positive 朔 ", correcting the beginning of the month an of time.The 颛顼帝 and Xia Dynasties take the 孟 spring January as the dollar, even using the summer 历 of set up the 寅 , with the beginning of January of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day;An usage of company 殷历 , the 殷历 set up ugly, with 12 beginning of the months of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day;A 历 of an usage, a 历 set up son, with 11 beginning of the months of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day;The Qin Dynasty uses QIN2 LI4, QIN2 LI4 JIAN4 亥 , with the lunar calendar beginning an is New Year's Day;The west 汉 expected to still use QIN2 LI4 before, the 汉武帝 the too early first year(104 years) changed to use to take charge of MA3 QIAN, 洛 the too early 历 that 闳 created to make, re- used the summer 历 of set up the 寅 again, with the beginning of January of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day.Will change to use to set up the ugly 殷历 once in addition to the clear 帝 of WANG2 MANG3 and Weis hereafter, Tang 武 is behind and the 肃 the hour changes to use to set up a 历 of the son outside, the previous dynasties all uses the 历 of the summer to Manchu Dynasty last years of the period.
The phrase " Chinese New Year", period in the different history, still is different especially point.Han dynasty, the people make 24 solar divisions sign the spring the first to call" Chinese New Year".The hour of the South and North Dynasty, the people call whole to" Chinese New Year" in spring.
After the hot 亥 revolution victory, the Nanking provisional government for the sake of" agreeable agriculture hour" and" easy to covariance", the provision uses the 历 of summer in the folks, practicing the Christian ear in government agency, factory mineral, school and groups, with Christian ear on January first for New Year's Day.But the ordinary people call the Christian ear that January first is" Gregorian calendar year", still making the lunar calendar January call" New Year's Day" the beginning of a day a.
On September 27 in 1949, the Chinese domestic affairs cures to negotiate the meeting first batch plenary session to pass to use in the world in general use Christian ear beginning of a reign, chase the Christian ear namely Gregorian calendar of January first settle for the New Year's Day, is a New Year's Day;Because the beginning of January of lunar calendar an usually all at sign the spring in front and back, as a result chase the beginning of January of lunar calendar certain is" Chinese New Year".
A New Year's Eve of Chinese New Year and the beginning of January a.But in the folks, the Chinese New Year of the traditional meaning mean from the beginning of the month of 腊 eight of fiesta of 腊 or month of 腊 23 of fiesta cooking stove, has been arrive the January 15, among them with New Year's Eve and the beginning of January an is high tide.
This traditional festival period, the Chinese of the our country and most national minoritieses all in Chinese New Year hold various activity so as to celebrate.These activity all with offer sacrifices to the absolute being 佛 , sacrifice the ancestry and drive out the old and bring in the new, face the 禧 to connect the blessing, imprecation for plentiful year is main contents.The activity enrich colorful, take to have the heavy race special features.
The concept of the Chinese New Year and year, at the beginning the growth period with idea come from agriculture, ancient times people pair of valley is called" year", 《 say the text.Department of 禾》 :" Year, the valley is familiar also:.Produced the 历 of summer in company's ages of summer, take a period for lack of moon as the month, a year divides the line to 12 months, monthly with disappear the moon that day for 朔 , the son hour of the January 朔 day is called the year old head, namely a year of beginning, also call year, the name of the year starts from the Zhou Dynasty of, just went to the west 汉 formal solid settle down, had been continue till today.But the beginning of January of ancient times" New Year's Day" on was be called, until after the Chinese modern hot 亥 revolution victory, the Nanking provisional government for adjusting the agriculture and easy to covariance, rule to use the 历 of summer in the folks, practice the Christian ear in government agency, factory mineral, school and groups, with Christian ear on January first for New Year's Day, the beginning of January of the lunar calendar is on calling the Chinese New Year.
On September 27 in 1949, new China establish, curing to negotiate the meeting first batch plenary session in the Chinese domestic affairs up, passed to use in the world in general use Christian ear beginning of a reign, January first that chases the Christian ear settles for the New Year's Day, being so called the Gregorian calendar year;The beginning of January of lunar calendar an usually all at sign the spring in front and back, as a result chase the lunar calendar at the beginning of January certainly for" Chinese New Year", be so called the lunar calendar year.
The Chinese New Year of the traditional meaning mean from the beginning of the month of 腊 eight of fiesta of 腊 or month of 腊 23 of fiesta cooking stove, has been arrive the January 15, among them with New Year's Eve and the beginning of January an is high tide.This traditional festival period, the Chinese of the our country and most national minoritieses all to hold various fete activity in Chinese New Year, these activities are mostly with offer sacrifices to the absolute being 佛 , sacrifice the ancestry and drive out the old and bring in the new, face the 禧 to connect the blessing, imprecation for plentiful year is main contents.The movable form enrich colorful, take to have the heavy race special features.
One of the legend of Chinese New Year:The year of the cook bring in the new year
Bringing in the new year, is the last one day in old year to does not go to bed at the mid-night, sit up to greet new custom of a year of arrival, also call New Year's Eve bring in the new year, a" cook year".Investigate the background of this custom, spread a story of interesting in the folks:
Too the ancient times period, there is a kind of fierce monster, spreading to reside in deep mountain woods, the people take care of they call" year".Its facial look is ferocious, the born nature is bloodthirsty, eating the birds and beasts, the fish and shellfish insect 豸 particularly, a day changes a kind of taste from kowtowing the insect to had been eat till to live the person greatly, letting the person talk that the color of" year" change.Afterwards, the people controled the movable regulation of" year" slowly, it separates 365 days to flee each time the place that crowd gathers to reside taste a fresh, and time that appear and disappear are all at get dark hereafter, wait until the chicken 鸣 day-break, they returned then to go to in the forest.
Allowed the date that" year" indulge in atrocities on the whole, the common people treat this terrible night as to close to come then very, call" year end", and figured out a the whole set to celebrate New Year's Eve the way of the pass:Each time to this evening, each per families work well the supper in advance, turn off the clean cooking stove, then chase a fastening with all stockade of chicken, the house hospital in front and back the doors all seal, hiding to eat" New Year's Eve dinner" in the house, because of this dinner have fierce 吉 don't 卜 of meaning, so buy very flourishing, in addition to wanting that the whole family the old and the young rounds toger to have a meal to mean in peace and harmony and reunitedly, return the beard at have a meal to provide the worship of ancestors before and first first, the spirit of the imprecation ancestry protect, spending this night safe and sound, after eating the supper, who all dare not the sleeping, pushing to sit toger to talk away to encourage.Became the habit of bring in the new year of year of the New Year's Eve cook gradually.
Bring in the new year the custom rise in the South and North Dynasty, beam toward of not a few scholars all have the poem text of the bringing in the new year." A night connects a year old, five even divide two years." The people order to rise the candle or oil lamps, keeping night watch all night, symbolizing to shine on the whole evil 瘟s disease epidemic disease to run to get rid of to walk, in hopes of new year, the good luck is satisfied.This kind of customs was spread by the people up to now.
Two of the legend of Chinese New Year:Ten thousand years establishes the style to say
It is rumored, at the ancient times, there is youth that nameds ten thousand years, see seasonal changes at that time very disorderly, thered will be to want to chase the seasonal changes settle precise of plan.But bitterness in can not find the mod of the c...

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